Water molecules are polar and hydrogen bonds form between them.
Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water.
Reasons why humans need water:
-Lubricate lungs to exhale
-Kidneys remove wastes
-Lubricate joints and allows smooth movement
-High specific heat (energy required to change water temperature), which regulates body temperature
-High heat of vaporization (energy required to evaporate). Including sweating which helps for the cooling.
Formation of Water Molecules is a polar covalent bond by which hydrogen bonds are formed amongst them; between one oxygen atom (-) and two hydrogen atoms (+). This is because oxygen atoms are more attractive to electrons than the hydrogen atoms creating an unequal sharing of atoms. Due to the positive and negative ion connection an ionic bond is formed.
-Lubricate lungs to exhale
-Kidneys remove wastes
-Lubricate joints and allows smooth movement
-High specific heat (energy required to change water temperature), which regulates body temperature
-High heat of vaporization (energy required to evaporate). Including sweating which helps for the cooling.
Formation of Water Molecules is a polar covalent bond by which hydrogen bonds are formed amongst them; between one oxygen atom (-) and two hydrogen atoms (+). This is because oxygen atoms are more attractive to electrons than the hydrogen atoms creating an unequal sharing of atoms. Due to the positive and negative ion connection an ionic bond is formed.
Properties of Water:
Cohesive Properties:
Cohesion refers to the binding together of two molecules of the same type, for instance two water molecules. Water molecules are cohesive since they stick with each other, due to hydrogen bonding which helps water transport in plants.
This is the reason why pennies float (cohesion):
-Hydrogen bonds between polar water molecules cause them to cohere
-Allowing for transpiration in plants moving water against gravity
-Allowing for animals such as water striders to walk over the surface of ponds even though they are denser than water
Adhesive properties: when hydrogen bonds for between water and other polar molecules, causing water to stick to them. This happens when different molecules stick together.
Cohesive Properties:
Cohesion refers to the binding together of two molecules of the same type, for instance two water molecules. Water molecules are cohesive since they stick with each other, due to hydrogen bonding which helps water transport in plants.
This is the reason why pennies float (cohesion):
-Hydrogen bonds between polar water molecules cause them to cohere
-Allowing for transpiration in plants moving water against gravity
-Allowing for animals such as water striders to walk over the surface of ponds even though they are denser than water
Adhesive properties: when hydrogen bonds for between water and other polar molecules, causing water to stick to them. This happens when different molecules stick together.
Thermal Properties:
Hydrogen bonds between polar water molecules cause water to resist change.
Water has several thermal properties that are useful to living organisms:
-High specific heat (energy required to change water temperature)
-High heat of vaporization (energy required to boil water)
-High heat of fusion (loss of energy required to freeze water)
Solvent Properties:
-The polarity of water attracts, or dissolves, any other polar or charged particles by forming hydrogen bonds with them
-Amino acids, glucose, ions (e.g. sodium chloride) oxygen are soluble in water because they are hydrophilic (polar) or have charges
-Fat molecules and cholesterol are not soluble in water and are transported via lipoprotein
Hydrophilic properties (likes water): used to describe substances that are chemically attracted to water.
Hydrophobic properties (dislikes water): substances that dissolve in water such as glucose.
TOK QUESTIONS:
Claims about the “memory of water” have been categorized as pseudoscientific. What are the criteria that can be used to distinguish scientific claims from pseudoscientific claims?
The criteria that is used to distinguish pseudoscientific claims from scientific claims is the homeopathy practice. This criteria is one used onto strong substances in which remedies are created in order to dissolve them. This is then repeated several times until the substance doesn't create any solutes; in specific areas of the substance. These solutions are claimed to have the property of "memory of water" which can be considered as medicinal. Despite all the trials there has not been a fully solute that creates the memory. With this being said, according to thecehf.org, the difference in their theory is as follows:
"-A scientific theory: makes claims that are testable. The claims it makes prohibit particular events or occurrences from happening. That is to say, these claims are conceivably refutable.
-A pseudoscientific theory: makes claims that are not testable. Its claims prohibit nothing. There is nothing that could count as disconfirming evidence against such claims."
Claims about the “memory of water” have been categorized as pseudoscientific. What are the criteria that can be used to distinguish scientific claims from pseudoscientific claims?
The criteria that is used to distinguish pseudoscientific claims from scientific claims is the homeopathy practice. This criteria is one used onto strong substances in which remedies are created in order to dissolve them. This is then repeated several times until the substance doesn't create any solutes; in specific areas of the substance. These solutions are claimed to have the property of "memory of water" which can be considered as medicinal. Despite all the trials there has not been a fully solute that creates the memory. With this being said, according to thecehf.org, the difference in their theory is as follows:
"-A scientific theory: makes claims that are testable. The claims it makes prohibit particular events or occurrences from happening. That is to say, these claims are conceivably refutable.
-A pseudoscientific theory: makes claims that are not testable. Its claims prohibit nothing. There is nothing that could count as disconfirming evidence against such claims."